Galileo Galilei recorded further telescopic observations of Jupiter's moons in early January 1610, cementing evidence against an Earth-centered cosmos.

Galileo Galilei observed a fourth satellite orbiting Jupiter, completing his discovery of the Galilean moons and upending Earth-centered cosmology.

Starving survivors of Jamestown's 'Starving Time' boarded ships to abandon the colony entirely, turning back only when a relief fleet met them on the James River.

Tokugawa Ieyasu ordered construction to begin on Nagoya Castle, a strategic fortress meant to guard the approach to Kyoto and secure the new Tokugawa shogunate.

Swedish troops under Charles IX captured the fortress of Kexholm from Russia during the Ingrian War, expanding Swedish control over the eastern Baltic.

Galileo's continued telescopic observations of Jupiter's moons, recorded in early October 1610, provided mounting evidence against an Earth-centered cosmos.

Tokugawa Ieyasu ordered construction of Nagoya Castle to begin, a massive fortress meant to secure Japan's strategic Tokaido road and project Tokugawa dominance.