Richard's coronation feast triggered violent attacks on London's Jewish community after Jewish leaders bearing gifts were turned away and beaten by a crowd that then rampaged through Jewish quarters, burning homes. The pogrom set off a wave of similar violence in towns across England in the following months, including the notorious massacre at York the following spring.
American negotiators John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and John Jay secured British recognition of the thirteen former colonies as a free and sovereign nation. The treaty set the new nation's boundaries stretching to the Mississippi River, granted fishing rights off Newfoundland, and required Congress to recommend that states restore property to Loyalists — a promise seldom honored.
The edict promised equality before the law for all Ottoman subjects regardless of religion, an end to arbitrary taxation, and fair conscription. Drafted largely by reformist statesman Mustafa Reşid Pasha, it marked the start of the Tanzimat ("Reorganization") era, an ambitious decades-long attempt to modernize the empire along European lines and stave off its decline.
Garvey founded the UNIA to promote racial pride, economic self-sufficiency, and eventual repatriation of the African diaspora to Africa. Within a decade the organization claimed millions of members and sympathizers worldwide, chapters across the Americas, Africa, and Europe, and its own shipping line, the Black Star Line, making it the largest Black mass movement in history to that point.
Two days after German troops crossed into Poland, Neville Chamberlain announced in a somber BBC broadcast that Britain was at war with Germany. France followed hours later. The declaration ended a decade of appeasement policy and thrust Europe into a conflict that would kill an estimated 70 to 85 million people worldwide over the next six years.
Anne Frank, her sister Margot, and their parents were packed into cattle cars alongside roughly a thousand other Dutch Jews on what proved to be the final deportation train from Westerbork to Auschwitz. Anne would die of typhus in Bergen-Belsen the following February, just weeks before liberation, her diary surviving to become one of the most widely read accounts of the Holocaust.
Launched in May 1971, Mariner 9 was on its way to become the first spacecraft to orbit another planet. The September course correction ensured the probe would arrive precisely positioned for orbital insertion in November, when it would begin mapping nearly the entire Martian surface and discover the solar system's largest volcano, Olympus Mons.
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, working out of the Jobs family garage, hand-assembled fifty Apple I circuit boards to fulfill an order from Byte Shop owner Paul Terrell, who had insisted on fully assembled units rather than kits. Priced at $666.66, the boards required buyers to supply their own case, keyboard, and power transformer, but the deal gave the fledgling company its first real cash and credibility.
